Spanning Tree is a #202112101956, often seen in #202204112045 where it covers every vertex in the graph without forming a circle (acyclic).
It is used in:
Spanning Tree
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Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
The mechanism behind it is to activate only one network path at a time and allow several standby paths, which by default will be blocked, and brought up one of them when the activated network link is down. The protocol will maintain a 202207081445#, which includes all the switches in the 202207051554, using bridge protocol data units (BPDU) to exchange information between the switches. All switches in the spanning tree will elect a root switch to become the focal pointer for the network by selecting the one with the smallest ID (though the network administrator can arbitrarily dedicate a root switch).
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Multiple Spanning Tree (MST)
MST, defined by 802.1s standard, is an alternative of #202207081637 that maps multiple 202207061741# with similar topologies to a single 202207081445# instance. This drastically reduces the overal number of spanning tree instances which improves the traffic load balancing and network recovery time, as the set-up of the instance can be CPU-intensive.
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Minimum Spanning Tree
We can find the minimum #202207081445 in 202204112129# and 202204112118#. However, the solution for digraph appears to be more difficult.